Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. [24] Arnold initially took no part in any public demonstrations but, like many merchants, continued to do business openly in defiance of the Parliamentary Acts, which legally amounted to smuggling. By. Later he became infamous for being a traitor, fighting for the British. He was on his way home from Ticonderoga when he learned that his wife had died earlier in June. Did he become a traitor because of all the injustice he suffered, real and imagined, at the hands of the Continental Congress and his jealous fellow generals? These charges were then referred to Congress, and Arnold asked for an immediate court-martial to clear himself. By Joyce Lee Malcolm. Benedict Arnold was born a British subject, the second of six children of his father Benedict Arnold III (16831761) and Hannah Waterman King in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. They had no reason to suspect that Gen. Benedict Arnold, the new commander of the post, would be less than a gracious host. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticut. Their friendship became the foundation for the treason for which Peggy's. He led the British army in battle against the soldiers whom he had once commanded, after which his name became, and has remained, synonymous with treason and betrayal in the United States.[2]. July 27] 1742 - June 19, 1786) was an American military officer and planter who served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.He emerged from the war with a reputation as one of George Washington's most talented and dependable officers, and is known for his successful command in the Southern theater of the conflict. Benedict Arnold was named brigadier general by the British government and sent on raids to . From psychological wounds received in his Connecticut childhood when his alcoholic father squandered the family's fortunes? Benedict Arnold, shown on the left concealing his plans in John Andr's boot, has become synonymous with treason but before he betrayed America, he saved it. He received a colonel's commission in the Continental Army for this expedition and left Cambridge in September 1775 with 1,100 men. His physicians diagnosed him as having dropsy, and a visit to the countryside only temporarily improved his condition. [62], Arnold had been badly wounded twice in battle and had lost his business in Connecticut, which made him profoundly bitter. [30] The household was dominated by Arnold's sister Hannah, even while Margaret was alive. From there, he was ordered to Vermont where he met with Ethan Allen. Unable to find a new military or. Benedict Arnold's reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex. Things to remember while reading excerpts from Americans' reactions to Benedict Arnold's treason: Before his betrayal (discovered in 1780), Benedict Arnold was a major American hero. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. At first, he asked for indemnification of his losses and 10,000,[b] an amount that the Continental Congress had given Charles Lee for his services in the Continental Army. [75], Arnold's court martial on charges of profiteering began meeting on June 1, 1779, but it was delayed until December 1779 by Clinton's capture of Stony Point, New York, throwing the army into a flurry of activity to react. Arnold mingled with Loyalist sympathizers in Philadelphia and married into a Loyalist family when he wedded Peggy Shippen. Needed repairs were never ordered on the chain across the Hudson. [25] On the night of January 28, 1767, he and members of his crew roughed up a man suspected of attempting to inform authorities of Arnold's smuggling. His company marched northeast the following month to assist in the siege of Boston that followed the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Especially galling was a long feud with the civil authorities in Philadelphia which led to his court-martial. [12] In 1757 when he was 16, he did enlist in the Connecticut militia, which marched off toward Albany, New York, and Lake George. After Arnold was wounded in 1777, George Washington named him military governor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, recently abandoned by the British. [36] However, an acrimonious dispute with Moses Hazen, commander of the 2nd Canadian Regiment, boiled into Hazen's court martial at Ticonderoga during the summer of 1776. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. And those of us with long memories can take some comfort that things didn't go much better for Arnold once he left the colonies to live in . Omissions? Nor was it named after Pope Benedict XIII, the leader of the Catholic Church from 1724 to 1730 (or any of the 15 other popes who took the name Benedict). Various translations of Sun Tzu's The Art of War have been published over the past century. [22], The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765 severely curtailed mercantile trade in the colonies. In real life: Arnold left for England in late 1781, before the official surrender, in an unsuccessful bid to persuade the Crown to keep the war going in America. Benedict Arnold began the Revolutionary War as a militia captain. Arnold's role in the war was controversial, with some supporting his actions and others supporting the Patriots. [11], Arnold was very close to his mother, who died in 1759. After Benedict Arnold betrayed the Continental Army, his British contact, Major John Andr, was captured by the Americans and hanged as a spy while Arnold escaped on a British ship. Benedict Arnold's name might be the first that comes to mind when we think of treason not just because he was a traitor, but because he was such an unlikely one. [6] With the outbreak of the French Revolution, Arnold outfitted a privateer, while continuing to do business in the West Indies, even though the hostilities increased the risk. His action at Ridgefield, coupled with the death of Wooster due to wounds sustained in the action, resulted in his promotion to major general, although his seniority was not restored over those who had been promoted before him. Andr was captured the next day, near Tarrytown, with those plans tucked inside his boot. [46] During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold disobeyed Gates' orders and took to the battlefield to lead attacks on the British defenses. Benedict Arnold is an American Revolutionary War General who is known for being the best American Strategist during the war. Benedict Arnold was a patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. [55], Arnold lived extravagantly in Philadelphia and was a prominent figure on the social scene. Harper's Weekly published an article in 1861 describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint". In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned as a brigadier general in the British Army, and placed in command of the American Legion. [citation needed], He then continued on to Philadelphia where he met with members of Congress about his rank. [40] In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over by Congress for promotion to major general. Unlike his accomplishments in the battlefield, Arnold was not a good Governor. His father's alcoholism and ill health kept him from training Arnold in the family mercantile business, but his mother's family connections secured an apprenticeship for him with her cousins Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, who operated a successful apothecary and general merchandise trade in Norwich. Arnold was promoted to brigadier general for his role in reaching Quebec, and he maintained an ineffectual siege of the city until he was replaced by Major General David Wooster in April 1776. Name: Ethan Allen; Birth . Arnold's childhood was marred by tragedy; by age 20, he was an orphan struggling to make his way in the world as an apothecary. [42] Amid negotiations over that issue, Arnold wrote out a letter of resignation on July 11, the same day that word arrived in Philadelphia that Fort Ticonderoga had fallen to the British. Therefore, the answer to your question is no, we do not commemorate Benedict Arnold. John Andr was executed for spying. . Through his maternal grandmother, Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp, an ancestor of six presidents. Before his name became synonymous with treason, Benedict Arnold was a bonafide hero of the American Revolutionary War. He knew that he was distrusted and disliked by senior military officers on both sides. Peggy Shippen, or Margaret Shippen (July 11, 1760 - August 24, 1804), was the second wife of General Benedict Arnold (following Margaret Mansfield, who died in 1775). [48] However, he interpreted the manner in which they did so as an act of sympathy for his wounds, and not an apology or recognition that they were righting a wrong. -Benedict Arnold, January, 1780. [33], The Second Continental Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec, in part on the urging of Arnoldbut he was passed over for command of the expedition. For a time, he was a successful businessman, but after yellow fever took the lives of three of the Arnold children, the patriarch was devastated. He is also believed to have built the first U.S. telescope. He also peppered Washington with complaints about the lack of supplies, writing, "Everything is wanting. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-Arnold, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Benedict Arnold, The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, United States History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benedict Arnold - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Benedict Arnold: meeting with Maj. John Andr. "Since the fall of Lucifer," General Nathanial Greene judged, "nothing has equaled the fall of Arnold." Yet Arnold's accomplishments for the patriot cause were extraordinary. For several years before he . [31], Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770. "No one has betrayed those in uniform like Donald Trump ," said the voiceover in the latest ad . 4. He sent an Indian messenger into the camp of British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger with news that the approaching force was much larger and closer than it actually was; this convinced St. Leger's Indian allies to abandon him, forcing him to give up the effort. Wilson believes that the explanation most consistent with the available documentation is that Sage was either the result of a liaison before Arnold left England or that he was Arnold's grandson by one of his older children. [114] His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to Major Andr who was celebrated for his patriotism. In 1776, he deployed defensive and delay tactics at the Battle of Valcour Island in Lake Champlain that gave American forces time to prepare New York's defenses. As the park's Facebook page explains, the hero's name was left off the monument for a reason. Clinton was concerned that Washington's army and the French fleet would join in Rhode Island, and he again fixed on West Point as a strategic point to capture. He presided over the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean, where he was reported by James Wilkinson to be the last person to leave before the British arrived. Crippled from his wounds, Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia (June 1778), where he socialized with families of loyalist sympathies and lived extravagantly. At critical moments Arnold inspired the Patriots with his grit and determination and earned the admiration of George Washington. "[88] At the same time, he tried to drain West Point's supplies so that a siege would be more likely to succeed. Despite his popularity and battlefield prowess, Benedict Arnold eventually broke bad. At his request, a court martial was held to clear his name. "[65] A few days later, Arnold wrote to Greene and lamented over the "deplorable" and "horrid" situation of the country at that particular moment, citing the depreciating currency, disaffection of the army, and internal fighting in Congress, while predicting "impending ruin" if things did not change soon. In 1764, he formed a partnership with Adam Babcock, another young New Haven merchant. The first man was a British major named John Andre. He followed up that action with a bold raid on Fort Saint-Jean on the Richelieu River north of Lake Champlain. Washington also infiltrated men into New York City in an attempt to capture Arnold. How did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? Benedict Arnold was born to a prominent businessman in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. [95] They found the papers exposing the plot to capture West Point and passed them on to their superiors,[96] but Andr convinced the unsuspecting Colonel John Jameson, to whom he was delivered, to send him back to Arnold at West Pointbut he never reached West Point. "Arnold, Benedict (17411801)". He later said in his own defense that he was loyal to his true beliefs, yet he lied at the same time by insisting that Peggy was totally innocent and ignorant of his plans. His performance in the Battle of Ridgefield in Connecticut prompted his promotion to major general. "[102], The British gave Arnold a brigadier general's commission with an annual income of several hundred pounds, but they paid him only 6,315 plus an annual pension of 360[b] for his defection because his plot had failed. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Historians have identified many possible factors contributing to Arnold's treason, while some debate their relative importance. What happened to Benedict Arnold after he betrayed the Continental Army to the British? Answer (1 of 54): Go up to most British people and ask who Benedict Arnold was, and you will get a resounding "who?" back. Washington refused his resignation and ordered him north to assist with the defense there. [99][100] Upon receiving Jameson's message, however, he learned that Jameson had sent Washington the papers which Andr was carrying. Before it could be carried out, however, minutemen captured John Andr and informed General George Washingtonof the plot. One month after taking command, Arnold slipped the plans to British Major John Andr in exchange for 20,000 pounds of sterling, the equivalent of more than $4 million today. A pharmacist by trade, the 34-year-old Arnold joined the rebellion in 1775. He later revealed that he expected to obtain the command of West Point, New York, and asked the British for 20,000 for betraying this post. A Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June; Arnold had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. He led a force of more than 1,700 men which burned most of New London to the ground on September 4, causing damage estimated at $500,000. When American leaders discovered the plot, Arnold fled. But despite all the financial and political reasons he had for his betrayal, it's possible it was actually about love. Benedict Arnold High School Gallery Official Name Benedict Arnold High School Location Details Universe Earth-Twelve Country United States of America First Appearance Adventures of Bob Hope #95 ( November, 1965) Contents 1 History 2 Residents 2.1 Students and Alumni 2.2 Faculty 3 Notes 4 See Also History This article is a stub. Letters were to be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions that were to be passed on to Andr, written in both code and invisible ink, using Stansbury as the courier. In 1780, when "The Capture of Benedict Arnold" episode takes place, Rittenhouse in real life was treasurer of Pennsylvania. He was well received by King George III and the Tories but frowned upon by the Whigs and most Army officers. The sacrifice of Andr made Arnold odious to loyalists, and his reputation was further tarnished among his former neighbours when he led a raid on New London, Connecticut, in September 1781. Benedict Arnold's name has become infamous for his treacherous acts regarding the fort at West Point, which he was in command of, and his very name has even become a synonym for either treason or betrayal. Benedict Arnold was an American Senior Officer during the Revolutionary War. Some could even argue that, patriotism aside, it might have seemed insane for him not to turn traitor. After formal inquiries, he was usually acquitted, but Congress investigated his finances and determined that he was indebted to Congress, and that he had borrowed money heavily to maintain a lavish lifestyle. [70] This initial letter opened a discussion on the types of assistance and intelligence that Arnold might provide, and included instructions for how to communicate in the future. He proposed an action to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety to seize Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York, which he knew was poorly defended. Thereafter his name became an epithet for traitor in the United States. Wallace, Willard M. "Benedict Arnold: Traitorous Patriot." Troops were liberally distributed within Arnold's command area (but only minimally at West Point itself) or furnished to Washington on request. [103] The anti-war Whigs had gained the upper hand in Parliament, and Germain was forced to resign, with the government of Lord North falling not long after. To raise money, he violated several state and military regulations, arousing the suspicions and, finally, the denunciations of Pennsylvanias supreme executive council. The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17751776, Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17771779, A Proclamation to the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army, "The Crypt Center Church on the Green New Haven, CT", 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200008, "Independence National Historical Park: History of the President's House", "The Culper Spy Ring American Revolution", "Loyal American Regiment Historical Treks", "Native Norwich Is Ignoring Benedict Arnold", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath Of Treason", Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7, "In Commemoration of Arnold's Expedition to Quebec", "Letter: Some recognize Gen. Arnold as true hero of the Revolutionary War", "By Brigadier-General Arnold, A proclamation to the officers and soldiers of the Continental army who have the real interest of their country at heart, and who are determined to be no longer the tools and dupes of Congress, or France [Signed]", "Netflix's America: The Motion Picture fails at just about everything", "Netflix's 'America: The Motion Picture' knows who its audience is. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defecting to the British side of the conflict in 1780. He wrote that he was "very much shocked" and wondered "good God, are the Americans all asleep and tamely giving up their liberties, or are they all turned philosophers, that they don't take immediate vengeance on such miscreants? Apparently, Arnold also had self-confidence issues and his new wife Peggy wasn't helping the situation. Later Arnold revealed to the British that he expected to receive the command of American forces at West Point, New York, and agreed to surrender that garrison to them for 20,000. He could not cope with failure and disgrace. Background. During the summer of 1778, he met Peggy Shippen, the 18-year-old daughter of Judge Edward Shippen (III), a Loyalist sympathizer who had done business with the British while they occupied the city;[57] Peggy had been courted by British Major John Andr during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 3 January 1740][1][a] June 14, 1801) was an American-born military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. The arched, double-door main entrance provided a stately, picturesque quality to the home. The crowd of hundreds of people was quiet. What does it mean to call someone a Benedict Arnold? [43], Arnold arrived in Schuyler's camp at Fort Edward, New York, on July 24. [72] Clinton was pursuing a campaign to gain control of the Hudson River Valley, and was interested in plans and information on the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. In 1775, when the war began, he was a merchant operating ships in the Atlantic Ocean. [citation needed]. [148] He was buried at St Mary's Church, Battersea, England which has a commemorative stained glass window. Arnold's name had become synonymous with the word traitor. Andr then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. This meeting was thwarted when British gunboats in the river fired on his boat, not being informed of his impending arrival. [116] Delivery of his first ship the Lord Sheffield was accompanied by accusations from the builder that Arnold had cheated him; Arnold claimed that he had merely deducted the contractually agreed amount when the ship was delivered late. [110], Even before Cornwallis's surrender in October, Arnold had requested permission from Clinton to go to England to give Lord George Germain his thoughts on the war in person. He then went to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and suggested to George Washington a second expedition to attack Quebec City via a wilderness route through Maine. Benedict Arnold, (born January 14, 1741, Norwich, Connecticut [U.S.]died June 14, 1801, London, England), patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. Wikipedia Sign up to our newsletter. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Colony of Connecticut, British America. However, his betrayal overshadowed his accomplishments in the wars he fought and won. He was a war hero who persistently fought for America's independence. [140], Canadian historians have treated Arnold as a relatively minor figure. See the fact file below for more information on . [85], On August 3, 1780, Arnold obtained command of West Point. [86], Arnold's command at West Point also gave him authority over the entire American-controlled Hudson River, from Albany down to the British lines outside New York City. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. Besides, I would argue that even if the British d. Benedict Arnold was born in 1741 to a prominent Connecticut family. general, has a name that's become synonymous with deceit and. Before his betrayal Benedict Arnold was a legitimate hero and a competent officer. [76] Several members on the panel of judges were ill-disposed toward Arnold over actions and disputes earlier in the war, yet Arnold was cleared of all but two minor charges on January 26, 1780. Jul 4, 2020, 05:04 AM EDT | Updated Jul 4, 2020. My family have voted conservative in most elections. He would be an apprentice in the mercantile trade for seven years. [121], In July 1792, Arnold fought a bloodless duel with the Earl of Lauderdale after the Earl impugned his honor in the House of Lords. It is what happened after 1775 that began to wear him down and bring on his disillusionment. Though the location was used for training cadets in engineering starting in 1794, it officially became the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802. Despite Arnold's defection to the British, he was a fierce patriot for . 1.Saint Benedict was a teenager when he became a monk. [103] He had suffered from gout since 1775,[124] and the condition attacked his unwounded leg to the point where he was unable to go to sea. It was invoked again as sectional conflicts increased in the years before the American Civil War. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his 1857 Life of George Washington, pointing out that the unity of New England and the southern states which led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point. Arnold became a shrewd and prosperous trader in New Haven while also joining the local militia in 1774 and being named its captain soon thereafter. Although he was unsuccessful, his attempt to betray George Washington and his American forces . Because of the constant agony of two battlefield wounds in an already gout-ridden leg? [146] There are also historical markers bearing his name at Wyman Lake Rest Area on US-201 north of Moscow, Maine, on the western bank of Lake Champlain, New York, and two in Skowhegan, Maine.[147]. In December 1780, Arnold was given command of British forces sent to raid Virginia. After the war, he petitioned to have Vermont become a state. According to W. D. Wetherell, he was: [A]mong the hardest human beings to understand in American history. [44], Arnold returned to the Hudson where General Gates had taken over command of the American army, which had retreated to a camp south of Stillwater. The fort was finally captured by the British in 1759. After the usual exchange of greetings I ventured to request from him some letters of introduction to his friends in America. [26], On February 22, 1767, Arnold married Margaret Mansfield, daughter of Samuel Mansfield, the sheriff of New Haven and a fellow member in the local Masonic Lodge. [1] Only he and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood; his other siblings died from yellow fever in childhood. His health simply declined, partly as a result of his war wounds, partly as a result of what used to be called dropsy edema, the dramatic retention of fluid in limbs. He also provided information on a proposed French-American invasion of Quebec that was to go up the Connecticut River (Arnold did not know that this proposed invasion was a ruse intended to divert British resources). His scheme was to surrender the fort to the British, but it was exposed in September 1780 when revolution militia captured Andr carrying papers which revealed the plot. [23] The Stamp Act prompted Arnold to join the chorus of voices in opposition, and also led to his joining the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization which advocated resistance to those and other restrictive Parliamentary measures. Arnold had the power to act, to defy the stresses of business and the dangers of the battlefield; but Peggy had the power to endure. Arnold wrote out passes for Andr so that he would be able to pass through the lines, and he also gave him plans for West Point. She was the conduit for information to the British. One thing that we can set aside is any notion that the dish was named after Benedict Arnold, the Revolutionary War general who became the most famous American traitor in history after he defected to the British army and became a general for the other side, leading troops against those he once commanded. Understand why Benedict Arnold spied for the British during the American Revolutionary War. Arnold said that it would have been better had it been in the chest instead of the leg. in George Athan Billias, ed., This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 10:05. Of George Washington to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies of... 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